WEBVTT 1 00:00:02.939 --> 00:00:10.710 Katrine Sundsbo: Okay. Welcome, everyone, and thank you for joining us today for our first ever Newcomers Presents webinar series. 2 00:00:11.250 --> 00:00:16.500 Katrine Sundsbo: My name is Kat, I'm the scholarly communications and research support manager at the Library at the University 3 00:00:17.010 --> 00:00:28.860 Katrine Sundsbo: My colleague Hannah Pyman and myself will be managing the webinar today. So if you have any questions, or any problems, just send us a chat message. Hannah, do you want to just give wave. 4 00:00:31.500 --> 00:00:43.740 Katrine Sundsbo: Thank you. So we want to encourage you to ask questions throughout the webinar via the Q and A function in zoom. If you have any questions while you're watching any of the presenters, 5 00:00:44.550 --> 00:00:52.620 Katrine Sundsbo: just pop the question in there and we'll deal with all the questions at the end of the webinar. With us today we have Nahida Hussain, 6 00:00:54.480 --> 00:01:06.750 Katrine Sundsbo: Stefano Pisera, and Maria Magliulo, I hope I pronounced that correctly, who all have very interesting and very different topics to talk about today. 7 00:01:07.410 --> 00:01:20.340 Katrine Sundsbo: So I'm going to introduce the first speaker, Nahida Hussain, who's a PhD student at the sociology department. Today, she's going to talk about how the South Asian woman has evolved from generation one 8 00:01:21.450 --> 00:01:35.100 Katrine Sundsbo: to generation three in terms of her identity, practice and experience of being a mother, and her experience of being mothered so whenever you're ready Nahida start sharing your screen. Thank you. 9 00:01:48.390 --> 00:02:02.250 Nahida Hussain: Good morning everyone, hope you can all hear me. My study is looking at the inter-generational relationship between South Asian grandmothers, mothers and daughters in the UK. 10 00:02:03.330 --> 00:02:06.330 Nahida Hussain: It's an inter-generational study 11 00:02:07.380 --> 00:02:16.560 Nahida Hussain: which looks at the first generation of women who came to the UK after the Second World War, which I see as the first generation, 12 00:02:17.280 --> 00:02:30.210 Nahida Hussain: as the mothers. The second generation of women are the daughters to those first generation women, and their daughters are the granddaughters to those first generation of women. 13 00:02:36.480 --> 00:02:40.470 Nahida Hussain: I have three main research questions. I'm in my first year, so it's still 14 00:02:41.610 --> 00:02:49.650 Nahida Hussain: a work in progress. My main three research questions on looking at each generation, in turn. 15 00:02:50.910 --> 00:02:59.400 Nahida Hussain: The first question looks at how does religious cultural identity influence the mother daughter relationship between first generation 16 00:03:00.000 --> 00:03:15.420 Nahida Hussain: and second generation of South Asian women. So these are the first generation of women who came to the UK after the Second World War in the 1960s, 70s, and 80s, and how their cultural and religious background from South Asia 17 00:03:16.650 --> 00:03:22.110 Nahida Hussain: influenced their identities, and how much of that did they pass on to the second generation. 18 00:03:24.150 --> 00:03:33.840 Nahida Hussain: My second research question looks at the second generation of South Asian women, which are the daughters to the first generation. So they are the mothers 19 00:03:36.090 --> 00:03:49.350 Nahida Hussain: of the third generation. So the second question is what cultural religious aspects of mothering are passed on to the second generation South Asian women. How does this influence mother daughter relationship of second and third generation of South Asian women. 20 00:03:50.520 --> 00:03:58.890 Nahida Hussain: I think the main thing about my research is the influence of immigration that the first generation women experienced and how much of that did they pass on 21 00:03:59.280 --> 00:04:12.960 Nahida Hussain: to the second generation of women. How much of that did they pass on to the daughters, and how the mothering experiences influenced identity of the second generation of South Asian women. 22 00:04:13.980 --> 00:04:25.140 Nahida Hussain: The third question is how much of the cultural, religious beliefs and traditions did the third generation females value. So how much of it has been filtered to the third generation 23 00:04:25.770 --> 00:04:35.790 Nahida Hussain: and how does this differ from the previous generations. So the third question looks at the granddaughters of the first generation of South Asian Women. 24 00:04:42.060 --> 00:04:53.430 Nahida Hussain: The rationale for my study is really based quite personal. As a second generation female myself, who immigrated to the UK as a child, 25 00:04:55.260 --> 00:05:07.200 Nahida Hussain: I feel that immigration has a big impact on the identity of people. And there's been a lack of research on women and South Asian women because 26 00:05:08.760 --> 00:05:20.250 Nahida Hussain: there's lots of research on the South Asian community as a whole, but the South Asian women and their experiences of immigration is very limited. 27 00:05:21.060 --> 00:05:34.230 Nahida Hussain: And how that immigration, that experience of immigration, what impact it has on their identities as women and as mothers and how much of it did they pass on to their daughters. So it's quite a personal rationale for 28 00:05:35.370 --> 00:05:36.120 Nahida Hussain: my research. 29 00:05:40.200 --> 00:05:50.070 Nahida Hussain: The background, or the literature review, of my research shows that there is quite a lot of different kind of themes that come up. Firstly, the history of the South Asian women, 30 00:05:51.630 --> 00:05:57.360 Nahida Hussain: and the concept of self and how much it has sort of developed from the from their own past experiences. 31 00:05:58.230 --> 00:06:12.060 Nahida Hussain: The history of the South Asian woman shows that she has emerged from various types of struggles. Struggles of colonialism, patriarchy, social class differences, and immigration, and how 32 00:06:13.110 --> 00:06:22.170 Nahida Hussain: all these factors will influence her identity, and subsequently the identities of her daughter, and her granddaughter. 33 00:06:24.300 --> 00:06:28.860 Nahida Hussain: So first emotions women experience will influence their role as mothers to their daughters. 34 00:06:29.940 --> 00:06:39.240 Nahida Hussain: So there is some research that shows history is really important to the South Asian woman and how she has developed over time. 35 00:06:40.110 --> 00:06:48.390 Nahida Hussain: Gender is another theme that comes up in the literature, because obviously this is a very gendered research in the sense that I'm only looking at South Asian women. 36 00:06:49.290 --> 00:07:02.730 Nahida Hussain: Research demonstrates that mothers have a great influence on the up-bringing of their daughters. There is a large amount of research that shows mothers have a huge influence on their daughters, and sons to a great extent, but 37 00:07:05.160 --> 00:07:12.570 Nahida Hussain: it's even more defined in the South Asian culture. So that is something that I'm going to be drawing into. 38 00:07:13.860 --> 00:07:27.630 Nahida Hussain: And girls in the South Asian culture are brought up differently to boys and in the South Asian culture. Again, it's general in society as a whole, I believe, but I feel that it's even more defined in South Asian culture, and there is a lot of research evidence to show that. 39 00:07:29.670 --> 00:07:32.520 Nahida Hussain: The background literature also shows that 40 00:07:34.080 --> 00:07:45.810 Nahida Hussain: the dynamics of social change and and time are very important. So social cultural change does take place over time. And this can influence the practices 41 00:07:46.410 --> 00:08:05.670 Nahida Hussain: and identities of mothering and being a mother and a daughter in a mother daughter relationship. And factors like age, maturity, social mobility can diversify or convert the relationship between mothers and daughters, so 42 00:08:06.690 --> 00:08:19.230 Nahida Hussain: does the age of the daughter, over time, does it have an influence on how her identity develops as a daughter, and how she accepts certain aspects of her culture or religion. 43 00:08:21.210 --> 00:08:34.260 Nahida Hussain: The theory behind my research will be looking at theories of socialization and feminist theories in general and I'm still doing a lot of literature research on this aspect of my research. 44 00:08:43.350 --> 00:08:55.440 Nahida Hussain: Again, the methods I'm going to be using are in depth interviews. Mainly narrative type of in depth interviews with a sample of approximately eight to ten 45 00:08:56.760 --> 00:09:00.450 Nahida Hussain: three generation mother and daughter and granddaughter families. 46 00:09:02.040 --> 00:09:08.850 Nahida Hussain: So it will be families where we will have a three generation mother, daughter and granddaughter. 47 00:09:12.300 --> 00:09:30.360 Nahida Hussain: I am still refining my methods, and hopefully I'll be able to get a good sample through snowball sampling, through contacts, and hopefully I'll be able to get the right amount. I'm hoping to use thematic analysis to draw out the main things from my research, 48 00:09:32.250 --> 00:09:42.120 Nahida Hussain: based on what I've already talked about in terms of my literature, but also things that might come up, which I haven't really thought about, or new things that would come out of my research. 49 00:09:49.980 --> 00:09:50.490 Nahida Hussain: And 50 00:09:52.140 --> 00:09:54.540 Nahida Hussain: these are some of the references to my study. 51 00:10:03.720 --> 00:10:05.310 Nahida Hussain: Thank you very much for listening. 52 00:10:06.210 --> 00:10:12.330 Katrine Sundsbo: Thank you so much Nahida. That was very interesting, I look forward to hearing more about how you get on with your research as well. 53 00:10:12.870 --> 00:10:31.770 Katrine Sundsbo: And later on, maybe at another Newcomers Presents series, we can catch up with you at a later point. Thank you. There'll be time for questions at the end, so if you have any questions for Nahida about anything she's discovered throughout her literature review and background, 54 00:10:32.220 --> 00:10:36.330 Katrine Sundsbo: please add them to the Q&A or the chat and we'll 55 00:10:36.600 --> 00:10:44.310 Katrine Sundsbo: ask them at the end. Our next speaker is Stefano Pisera. He's a PhD candidate 56 00:10:44.340 --> 00:10:47.580 Katrine Sundsbo: in managerial and actuarial sciences. 57 00:10:47.640 --> 00:10:48.570 Stephano Pisera: Hi 58 00:10:48.870 --> 00:10:50.010 Stephano Pisera: . 59 00:10:50.910 --> 00:11:00.990 Katrine Sundsbo: At the universities of Udine and Trieste, so in Italy. He's also a postgraduate researcher and a research assistant at the Essex business school. 60 00:11:01.710 --> 00:11:13.920 Katrine Sundsbo: His talk is titled ESGs, so, environmental, social and governance strategies, and enhancing bank stability during financial turmoil: evidence 61 00:11:13.950 --> 00:11:16.680 Katrine Sundsbo: from Europe. So whenever you're ready Stefano. 62 00:11:17.760 --> 00:11:18.090 Stephano Pisera: Thank you. 63 00:11:18.570 --> 00:11:18.960 Good morning. 64 00:11:20.610 --> 00:11:21.000 Stephano Pisera: Okay. 65 00:11:22.200 --> 00:11:22.680 Stephano Pisera: Yes. 66 00:11:36.780 --> 00:11:40.650 Stephano Pisera: Good morning. I'm Stefano Pisera, and today we will talk about my paper and writing with L. Chiaramonte, A. Dreassi, and C. Giradone. 67 00:11:44.040 --> 00:11:46.530 Stephano Pisera: So, 68 00:11:49.080 --> 00:11:50.640 Stephano Pisera: as we start, we introduce 69 00:11:51.810 --> 00:12:06.780 Stephano Pisera: with the motivations of the paper. After the global financial crisis, there's been a great interest from the public and the regulation on potential benefit from corporate social responsibility that what these corporate social responsibility briefly is, 70 00:12:08.370 --> 00:12:18.660 Stephano Pisera: can account for sustainable practices by firms, financial and non financial firms, so banks or non banks, for example. 71 00:12:19.830 --> 00:12:30.420 Stephano Pisera: So many studies found that improvement in corporate social responsibility benefit from stakeholder lower the vulnerability and the reputational risk. 72 00:12:31.530 --> 00:12:45.420 Stephano Pisera: So these issues became really relevant for banks, for example, that increasing perceived sustainability practice/practices as a means to restore their reputation, and promote trust and credibility. 73 00:12:46.080 --> 00:12:54.120 Stephano Pisera: At the same time, from a European Union framework, there has been an interest in enforcing firms, 74 00:12:55.350 --> 00:12:57.510 Stephano Pisera: from 2014 to disclose 75 00:12:58.770 --> 00:13:00.600 Stephano Pisera: their sustainable practices 76 00:13:01.740 --> 00:13:11.940 Stephano Pisera: within the rule comply or explain. So comply with the rule, so communicate your sustainability strategies, or explain why you don't do this. 77 00:13:14.130 --> 00:13:37.350 Stephano Pisera: So, from a legal perspective, we can say that there are not many papers related to corporate social responsibility in financial firms, but only on non financial corporation. So few studies, like for example, Baradwaj and Peloza focused on CSR in the US sample. 78 00:13:39.600 --> 00:13:52.980 Stephano Pisera: While they're more focused on governance aspects, there are few studies, but in general and find that a greater, a better, corporate governance increased bank stability. 79 00:13:54.450 --> 00:14:03.330 Stephano Pisera: So we contribute in many ways to the literature, for example, firstly by using European banks data we can 80 00:14:04.320 --> 00:14:25.440 Stephano Pisera: focus on the case of European bank authority, for example, and to gauge, for example, what was the impact of non financial disclosure that acted on bank stability. Our second contribution involves the use of a large set of sustainability 81 00:14:26.670 --> 00:14:33.720 Stephano Pisera: measures. Like, for example, environmental, social and governance score as a proxy of bank CSR. 82 00:14:35.340 --> 00:14:49.080 Stephano Pisera: In total we study the relationship between ESG factors in a long period, that includes the great financial crisis. This allows us to study if any differences of any different impact 83 00:14:50.610 --> 00:14:54.030 Stephano Pisera: has been during the financial crisis compared to non financial crisis. 84 00:14:56.460 --> 00:14:56.940 Stephano Pisera: So, 85 00:14:58.110 --> 00:15:10.380 Stephano Pisera: additionally we test our hypothesis on different sub-samples, highlighting the different role of environmental control environment, and in general, country environment. 86 00:15:11.640 --> 00:15:18.900 Stephano Pisera: So to sum up our hypotheses are: banks with higher aggregate ESG scores are less risky. 87 00:15:19.650 --> 00:15:25.320 Stephano Pisera: More procedural environmental activism reduces risk taking, especially during a financial crisis. 88 00:15:25.770 --> 00:15:37.770 Stephano Pisera: Bank risk is inversely related to the banks' level of social engagement. And our last hypothesis is that fair governance practices positively affect bank stability, especially during a financial crisis. 89 00:15:39.360 --> 00:15:49.470 Stephano Pisera: So here can we see how we build some of our database. So we select the banks headquartered in European countries, 90 00:15:50.430 --> 00:16:07.290 Stephano Pisera: with data available from Thomson Reuters' Refinitiv ESG score from 2005 to 2007. Our final sample consists of 84 banks that cover 21 countries belonging to eastern, western, northern and southern Europe, so all banks are listed. 91 00:16:08.370 --> 00:16:27.360 Stephano Pisera: In addition, we have half our sample that belongs to the EBA's stress test for large banks. As an empirical model we employ a two-step GMM estimator, with standard error at the firm level, and as measure of back stability we employed the Merton's Distance to Default. 92 00:16:29.460 --> 00:16:35.820 Stephano Pisera: Okay, here you can find our baseline result in which we test, 93 00:16:36.840 --> 00:16:44.760 Stephano Pisera: as a means of interaction that is between our target variable, that is ESG, environmental, social and governance score, 94 00:16:46.590 --> 00:17:00.180 Stephano Pisera: interacting with the dummy crisis that is taking away from one for the period from 2008 to 2012 and zero otherwise. So as we can see highlighted in red 95 00:17:01.410 --> 00:17:01.950 Stephano Pisera: we have 96 00:17:03.240 --> 00:17:07.950 Stephano Pisera: our target variable, our variable of interest, and as we can see from this table 97 00:17:09.000 --> 00:17:15.510 Stephano Pisera: all our public variables are positively correlated with the bank stability proxy by distance to default. 98 00:17:16.560 --> 00:17:25.140 Stephano Pisera: So this is true for our ESG score, for our environmental score, for social score, and for government score. 99 00:17:26.760 --> 00:17:36.390 Stephano Pisera: So disentangling the single ESG score, we find that for the environmental aspects, the most important aspect of a bank 100 00:17:37.500 --> 00:17:52.410 Stephano Pisera: stability relationship is the environmental innovation score. So that reflects the company capacity to reduce environmental costs. As for the social score, we find that the workforce score, so for example of a bank, its 101 00:17:53.790 --> 00:18:00.750 Stephano Pisera: workers, how safe is their place for example, 102 00:18:01.920 --> 00:18:05.670 Stephano Pisera: how diverse and equal is their 103 00:18:06.990 --> 00:18:07.590 Stephano Pisera: workplace, 104 00:18:08.850 --> 00:18:15.900 Stephano Pisera: is positively correlated with bank stability. In the same way the product responsibility score and the shareholder score 105 00:18:16.680 --> 00:18:32.370 Stephano Pisera: seems to be positively correlated with the maximum. So, these are all sub pillars that explain the positive correlation between sustainable practices and flexibility. 106 00:18:33.960 --> 00:18:44.850 Stephano Pisera: So, as we know, there could be a lot of problems of, for example, endogeneity, and to solve this in some way and to test 107 00:18:46.170 --> 00:18:52.710 Stephano Pisera: the impact of the non financial directive of European Commission on 2014 we employ quasi natural experiment, 108 00:18:53.730 --> 00:19:04.560 Stephano Pisera: the so called difference indifference middle backdating as a shocker, the ear of the non financial disclosure active of 2014, then 109 00:19:06.030 --> 00:19:18.180 Stephano Pisera: creating a trigger sample of banks with higher levels of ESG ratings, match it with banks with lower ESG ratings with the propensity score matching caliper 2% 110 00:19:19.650 --> 00:19:28.020 Stephano Pisera: After the shock, that is our interest, represented by the interaction between D_SHOCK and D_TREATED, 111 00:19:30.210 --> 00:19:49.650 Stephano Pisera: banks with either ESG rating increase their stability. So the results of this model support the recent effort of European banking regulators, who are mandatory announcing disclosure of non financial information for list of feedback in general for more visibility for our sample for banks. 112 00:19:51.030 --> 00:19:51.660 Stephano Pisera: So here, 113 00:19:52.830 --> 00:19:55.080 Stephano Pisera: a list of robustness test that we check 114 00:19:56.130 --> 00:20:08.580 Stephano Pisera: that you can find in the appendix. We tested if our sample, our results, would be biased from selection bias problem by employing the Heckman two step regression. 115 00:20:10.080 --> 00:20:18.780 Stephano Pisera: We can test the for endogeneity by using the instrumental valuable two-stage least squares regression analysis by employing an alternative measure of 116 00:20:19.890 --> 00:20:28.110 Stephano Pisera: bank sustainability practices like for example the Bloomberg ESG score, and an alternative measures of bank stability, like the so called Z score. 117 00:20:29.190 --> 00:20:44.520 Stephano Pisera: Finally we test, as I mentioned before, a lot of sub-samples to test if EBA banks or bank oriented financial systems and counties with higher GDP per capita ratio have more positive 118 00:20:45.030 --> 00:21:05.550 Stephano Pisera: correlation between bank sustainability practices and stability. So our key findings are that we provide evidence that the total ESG score, as well as its sub-pillars, reduce bank fragility. It is very important that according to their, for example, the recent findings are of 119 00:21:06.690 --> 00:21:13.290 Stephano Pisera: the climate risk, and their social risk we are facing today. 120 00:21:14.400 --> 00:21:20.580 Stephano Pisera: Moreover, we find that this stabilising effect holds strongly for banks with higher score. 121 00:21:21.390 --> 00:21:30.330 Stephano Pisera: Finally, we show that the ESG bank risk linkages vary significantly across banks' characteristics and different operating environments. So we can conclude that 122 00:21:31.020 --> 00:21:45.750 Stephano Pisera: we can provide evidence that sustainability practices provided by ESG score could act as a risk mitigated device for banks during previews of financial distress. So being sustainable is not only important for the environment, that is 123 00:21:46.890 --> 00:22:05.610 Stephano Pisera: the first problem, but it's also important for financial systems in general as well. A possible explanation is that engaging environmental social and governance seems to be associated with more prudent banking activities. And, as we saw from the last financial crisis, 124 00:22:06.750 --> 00:22:11.850 Stephano Pisera: that is a really relevant topic now because 125 00:22:13.320 --> 00:22:25.230 Stephano Pisera: if a bank fails, if a financial system is not that stable, this could be a big problem that can be spread for many sectors, economic sector. 126 00:22:25.770 --> 00:22:34.530 Stephano Pisera: So our evidence reveals that beyond the traditional regulatory approach, focusing on government social and environmental issues matters, also in the banking system. 127 00:22:35.640 --> 00:22:37.950 Stephano Pisera: Moreover, we find 128 00:22:39.450 --> 00:22:50.190 Stephano Pisera: if an economic valuation of the policy proposed by the European Union with the introduction of the non-financial reporting directive 129 00:22:50.910 --> 00:23:07.200 Stephano Pisera: are finding that the banks with higher ESG scores are more sustainable and more engaged in sustainable practices more benefit from data collection of these tools. So thank you for attention. 130 00:23:13.110 --> 00:23:26.400 Katrine Sundsbo: Thank you so much Stefano. A lot of information to unpack there. Very, very interesting. And we already have a question for you, for you later on. So feel free to 131 00:23:27.420 --> 00:23:30.120 Katrine Sundsbo: join in the adding more questions. 132 00:23:31.260 --> 00:23:41.730 Katrine Sundsbo: Just before we introduce our last speaker, I know that there are some some dogs in the room, so if you guys hear any barking or scratching, it's a part of working from home. 133 00:23:43.500 --> 00:24:07.350 Katrine Sundsbo: So our last speaker is Maria Magliulo, and she is a PhD student in microbiology in the Department of Life Sciences. She will talk about microbiology, astrobiology, and the limits of life in what looks like a very fascinating presentation. So whenever you're ready Maria. 134 00:24:07.650 --> 00:24:08.250 Yep. 135 00:24:16.260 --> 00:24:28.980 Maria Magliulo: So good morning everyone. I'd like to start with this slide because it's a bit of introduction about myself. And also, I don't know if you can see here, but there's a little dot, 136 00:24:30.630 --> 00:24:39.270 Maria Magliulo: and this is us. This is the planet Earth. This is from something like 4 billion miles 137 00:24:40.440 --> 00:24:50.610 Maria Magliulo: distance, and it appears like "the pale blue dot" is the title of the picture because of the scattering effect of light in our atmosphere. And 138 00:24:52.440 --> 00:25:01.650 Maria Magliulo: a specific component of our atmosphere is oxygen. The reason why we have oxygen is because of our unique feature of earth which is life. 139 00:25:02.580 --> 00:25:10.770 Maria Magliulo: I know that this this light is a bit funny, is taking it on a funny side, but literally, there's no other planet 140 00:25:11.610 --> 00:25:30.030 Maria Magliulo: that we are aware of that teams with life as our planet. So why is that? From this, there are so many questions arising, such as how did life evolve? How did life originate? Which are the conditions that make 141 00:25:31.530 --> 00:25:46.170 Maria Magliulo: a planet conducive to life? But those questions are kind of difficult to answer as our good old Boromir reminds us. However, there are some ways to explore these 142 00:25:51.270 --> 00:26:03.720 Maria Magliulo: questions, and these ways are the extreme environments. Now when I say extreme environments, I'm referring to environments which at present are not able to survive to. 143 00:26:04.170 --> 00:26:10.950 Maria Magliulo: But there are micro organisms living in those extreme environments which not only are able to survive to those extremes, but actually the three 144 00:26:11.550 --> 00:26:18.810 Maria Magliulo: at those extreme, and according to each extreme they take their name. So, for example, for very hot environment we have Thermophiles, 145 00:26:19.230 --> 00:26:31.890 Maria Magliulo: for acidic environments we have a acidosphiles. In the case of my PhD, I'm working with microbes that love salt. And so these are called Halophiles. 146 00:26:32.820 --> 00:26:44.010 Maria Magliulo: But the microbes I'm working with are not only challenging the extreme of salt, but they are also challenging another extreme to life, which is time. 147 00:26:46.290 --> 00:26:56.580 Maria Magliulo: So we know that we all live in a defined window of time, 148 00:26:58.080 --> 00:27:03.780 Maria Magliulo: for a number of years. However, the microbes I'm working with, they're able to survive for a very, very long time. 149 00:27:04.740 --> 00:27:13.620 Maria Magliulo: What you see here is a wall made of salt. I took this picture in our field trip in Sicily in a salt mine, the Realmonte Salt Mine, 150 00:27:14.040 --> 00:27:29.850 Maria Magliulo: and this beautiful wall is made of salt. And when you see it, it's easy to imagine that actually it's the remnants of an old sea, and the old sea see I'm talking about is the Mediterranean. Actually, when we look at the Mediterranean today, 151 00:27:30.930 --> 00:27:45.660 Maria Magliulo: we have to know that it has not always been like that. About between five and six million years ago, it started to evaporate, and from the evaporation, 152 00:27:46.740 --> 00:27:56.700 Maria Magliulo: the Mediterranean resulted in a sort of desiccated basin. So, at that time, the Mediterranean was an extreme environment, and in these extreme environments there were microbes living. 153 00:27:57.690 --> 00:28:08.880 Maria Magliulo: And although it appears as a rocky surface, I can assure you that this is not just rock, because inside of it there are little inclusions of 154 00:28:09.450 --> 00:28:20.820 Maria Magliulo: the brines that were there while the the sea was operating. and of course in those brines there were microbes living such as this microcrobe 155 00:28:21.480 --> 00:28:43.590 Maria Magliulo: which is called Halobacterium Salinarum. It belongs to the domain Archaens. It loves salt, it's resistant to high doses of radiation, and probably it's immortal. And you can see here in the fantastic picture it's red, because it has a pigment that gives it this colouration. 156 00:28:44.610 --> 00:28:52.440 Maria Magliulo: How it works with this micro that's probably surviving forever, so first of all I'm trying to mimic the extreme environment in which it's living, 157 00:28:52.860 --> 00:29:06.630 Maria Magliulo: and the first thing I do is growing it, and in the first, here you can see the liquid culture. I poured some cells in it, and it started growing, and after a week you have something like this. And what I do, 158 00:29:07.560 --> 00:29:13.980 Maria Magliulo: after this is isolating some cells, and in this picture you can see these are the cells of a Halobacterium Salinarum. 159 00:29:14.370 --> 00:29:23.160 Maria Magliulo: I'm also growing other halophiles, such as Dunaliella Salina, in this case is green, is a microalgae living in hypersaline environments. 160 00:29:23.970 --> 00:29:36.600 Maria Magliulo: And what I do then is washing them with salt solution, and wait for the water of the salt solution to evaporate, and what results are those marvelous 161 00:29:37.170 --> 00:29:47.220 Maria Magliulo: square shaped crystals, and you can see in there that they are kind of pinkish. And that's because as I said inside those those crystals you have little 3D intrusions 162 00:29:47.700 --> 00:29:58.800 Maria Magliulo: in which microbes can get entrapped. And if we have a closer look at them, those are pictures I took under the microscope, you can see that there's plenty of inclusions in it. 163 00:29:59.580 --> 00:30:08.190 Maria Magliulo: And here in this central one, we can see beautiful cells of Dunaliella Salina inside for inclusion, it's big for inclusion here. 164 00:30:08.550 --> 00:30:17.940 Maria Magliulo: And in those two picture, we can see three inclusions with other bacteria salinarum. Unfortunately we can't really tell the single cells, but you can see that the colours 165 00:30:18.990 --> 00:30:22.320 Maria Magliulo: resemble the red colouration of the microbe. 166 00:30:23.910 --> 00:30:43.050 Maria Magliulo: Now what I do with those crystals are basically three kinds of experiments. The first one is periodically I pick individual crystals and I put them in the liquid medium to see if they are able to grow again to see if they are alive. And so far, one 167 00:30:44.430 --> 00:30:48.090 Maria Magliulo: year, almost one year of experiments 168 00:30:49.170 --> 00:30:52.440 Maria Magliulo: They are able to 169 00:30:54.450 --> 00:31:01.410 Maria Magliulo: survive fantastically. They're not even bothered by the fact that they are entrapped inside this crystal. Another experiment 170 00:31:02.400 --> 00:31:06.720 Maria Magliulo: is exposing those results to different stressors, as indicated they are almost burned 171 00:31:07.410 --> 00:31:19.950 Maria Magliulo: by holding them to ionizing radiation. Here it goes down to 5000Gy. Now you don't have to know how much and what is 5000Gy, what you have to know is that a human beings, if a human being is exposed to 0.7Gy, that human will die. 172 00:31:21.360 --> 00:31:30.720 Maria Magliulo: The third experiment that I'm doing, oh, and by the way, sorry these microbes are able to survive to 5000Gy. 173 00:31:31.380 --> 00:31:43.860 Maria Magliulo: The third experiment that I'm doing is extracting proteins from cells that are extracted from crystals. The reason why I'm doing that is because proteins can tell you 174 00:31:44.730 --> 00:31:53.760 Maria Magliulo: what the microbe is doing inside this fluid inclusion, and though the analyses are still in progress, what I found so far is that this microbe 175 00:31:54.660 --> 00:32:10.890 Maria Magliulo: prefers to modify what it already has, instead of producing new molecules, which kind of makes sense because inside this route inclusion, you don't have so much energy and food, 176 00:32:11.280 --> 00:32:20.190 Maria Magliulo: so you have to adapt in some ways. Now, so basically the question of my PhD is how long can this microbes by, but of course 177 00:32:20.790 --> 00:32:34.740 Maria Magliulo: with my PhD I can't wait until the very last day of this microbe as the evidence, just to be about it able to be able to say yes it survived a thousand or a million years. What I can do is 178 00:32:36.180 --> 00:32:55.350 Maria Magliulo: perform such experiments in order to restrain questions and answers about the longevity of these microbes. And the importance of this project is that, first of all, it's super fascinating. And second, and it's important to define the limits of life in order to 179 00:32:56.790 --> 00:33:03.360 Maria Magliulo: well in the light of the quest for life elsewhere. Also, because there are moons, 180 00:33:04.380 --> 00:33:15.360 Maria Magliulo: moons of Jupiter and Saturn which underneath their surface they have salty waters. And also on Mars, 181 00:33:16.380 --> 00:33:19.620 Maria Magliulo: even if today It looks like a sort of desert, 182 00:33:21.390 --> 00:33:23.400 Maria Magliulo: scientists have found that 183 00:33:24.690 --> 00:33:25.650 Maria Magliulo: there are rocks 184 00:33:26.790 --> 00:33:29.250 Maria Magliulo: underneath it 185 00:33:31.710 --> 00:33:37.950 Maria Magliulo: and reading because of that, the reason for this is 186 00:33:39.240 --> 00:33:54.690 Maria Magliulo: due to the fact that in the past Mars had, this allowed the planet to be shielded from solar and cosmic radiation. So it had a thicker atmosphere that allowed the planet to have warmer and wetter atmosphere. Then, of course, now it looks like 187 00:33:55.290 --> 00:34:07.140 Maria Magliulo: this yesterday, but once it might not have been so much different from Earth. Well, of course, this is an artistic impression. And what I'm saying is that water evaporated 188 00:34:07.590 --> 00:34:18.540 Maria Magliulo: over this long time and so rocks remain now underneath its surface. So it's really intriguing to think that since 189 00:34:19.230 --> 00:34:38.820 Maria Magliulo: there are life forms on earth that are able to survive radiation, and even for very long time. So it's really interesting to look at Mars in this light. But this I added here few references you might have a look into. 190 00:34:40.260 --> 00:34:59.130 Maria Magliulo: I strongly suggest to you the first one. It is a recent publication of my supervisor, and in our world in our life and during our evolution. And all the others are on information we found very useful. This is a picture of a crystal with even bubbles in it. 191 00:35:01.140 --> 00:35:03.480 Maria Magliulo: So I hope you really enjoyed my talk. 192 00:35:04.740 --> 00:35:06.270 Maria Magliulo: And thank you so much. 193 00:35:09.240 --> 00:35:13.530 Katrine Sundsbo: Thank you, Maria. That was very fascinating. 194 00:35:14.580 --> 00:35:23.070 Katrine Sundsbo: I have some questions for all of you. So I think we're going to go into the question part of 195 00:35:24.750 --> 00:35:44.610 Katrine Sundsbo: the webinar. So Hannah will be managing this, but if you're asked a question and any of the other presenters would like to chip in or tell something about their experience just raise your hand or unmute yourself and we'll, give you the word. 196 00:35:45.630 --> 00:35:46.170 Katrine Sundsbo: Hannah. 197 00:35:47.880 --> 00:35:52.650 Hannah Pyman: So I think we've got one question in the Q&A already for Stefano. 198 00:35:53.190 --> 00:35:54.600 Hannah Pyman: That was from Ann, 199 00:35:55.170 --> 00:35:58.620 Hannah Pyman: and she asked what are EBS stress tests? 200 00:36:03.000 --> 00:36:03.300 Stephano Pisera: Okay. 201 00:36:04.440 --> 00:36:13.290 Stephano Pisera: So, um, thank you for the question. The stress tests are the EBA stress tests. 202 00:36:14.640 --> 00:36:20.820 Stephano Pisera: Periodically stress tests are imposed by the EBA. That is the European Banking Authority. 203 00:36:22.710 --> 00:36:35.550 Stephano Pisera: They are done with the ECB, the European Central Bank, that test the condition of European banks, 204 00:36:36.810 --> 00:36:46.440 Stephano Pisera: under different scenarios that can be amended. And they test the resilience of banks, 205 00:36:47.760 --> 00:36:51.090 Stephano Pisera: from an exorbitant shock or in case of 206 00:36:52.110 --> 00:37:12.360 Stephano Pisera: the rising of another financial crisis. In general, our target is to see, is to check the quality of the banking system in Europe. In my study, in my paper, due to the fact that the tests are periodical, so there are 207 00:37:13.410 --> 00:37:18.240 Stephano Pisera: tests done in 2014, in 2017, in 2018, 208 00:37:19.470 --> 00:37:26.040 Stephano Pisera: sometimes the banks analysis is changed. So in our paper we employed a 2014 banks test, 209 00:37:27.060 --> 00:37:40.140 Stephano Pisera: and what are the, in general, to sum up, the banks testing. Banks that compete for the economic system, so banks that are larger, or banks are more connected, 210 00:37:41.580 --> 00:37:50.790 Stephano Pisera: or institutions are of critical importance. OK, so the EBA test, if in case of crisis, in case of risks, 211 00:37:51.840 --> 00:37:53.850 Stephano Pisera: that banks are safe. 212 00:37:55.500 --> 00:37:57.360 Stephano Pisera: Thank you. I don't know that was clear, but, 213 00:37:59.040 --> 00:38:02.940 Stephano Pisera: to sum up, this is the EBA stress test. 214 00:38:04.500 --> 00:38:04.890 Hannah Pyman: Thanks. 215 00:38:07.980 --> 00:38:09.840 Hannah Pyman: Kat, did you say you have some questions? 216 00:38:11.700 --> 00:38:16.800 Katrine Sundsbo: Yes. I'm going to start with Nahida. 217 00:38:17.430 --> 00:38:24.450 Katrine Sundsbo: So, you mentioned you've been looking through quite a lot of the literature and it's something that's quite personal to you. So I'm just wondering 218 00:38:24.840 --> 00:38:34.500 Katrine Sundsbo: if you found anything in the literature that was surprising, or very linked with your own experience, or maybe not linked at all to your experience? 219 00:38:35.760 --> 00:38:36.630 Nahida Hussain: Um, yeah. 220 00:38:38.370 --> 00:38:43.440 Nahida Hussain: There was some research, which was quite surprising. The fact that sometimes women, 221 00:38:44.640 --> 00:38:49.470 Nahida Hussain: pass on cultures or ideas on to their daughters which the 222 00:38:51.120 --> 00:38:58.530 Nahida Hussain: daughters don't actually change, so it kind of passes on to the third generation. And I think I was under the assumption that maybe 223 00:38:59.490 --> 00:39:05.100 Nahida Hussain: these ideas might change all the time. But sometimes the daughters accept and like what they 224 00:39:05.640 --> 00:39:16.200 Nahida Hussain: receive and I've realized that as a researcher, I've got to be quite neutral on that, which kind of helped me understand my own role as a researcher and not make assumptions. Because 225 00:39:17.010 --> 00:39:28.710 Nahida Hussain: I feel I'm inside my own research, and that can be quite a hard task to sort of disconnect, and not make assumptions about what you're researching. 226 00:39:29.160 --> 00:39:42.480 Nahida Hussain: So that itself is something that I've been writing about in my methodology, about how I can disconnect as a South Asian woman from from sort of centralizing and sort of making assumptions about my subject. 227 00:39:44.550 --> 00:39:47.520 Nahida Hussain: Yeah, so that, yeah. I hope that answers a question. 228 00:39:51.450 --> 00:40:06.990 Hannah Pyman: Thanks Nahida. Okay, we've got a few more come through on the Q&A now. So we've got another one for Stefano. So will there be stress tests done following the current crisis, so following the Corona Virus pandemic will there be stress tests done? 229 00:40:10.950 --> 00:40:11.730 Stephano Pisera: I don't know. 230 00:40:12.960 --> 00:40:13.440 Stephano Pisera: So, 231 00:40:16.980 --> 00:40:37.380 Stephano Pisera: So the fact is that thanks in some way to the last financial crisis, the EBA started to to do this stress test, with the fragments of yearly or two year. So banks in 2012, 232 00:40:38.580 --> 00:40:40.170 Stephano Pisera: according to the EBA, 233 00:40:41.730 --> 00:40:43.620 Stephano Pisera: are safe, are not 234 00:40:44.970 --> 00:40:57.060 Stephano Pisera: faced with the crisis, the Covid-19 crisis, in a strong way with the safe balanced situation in general. Obviously there are, 235 00:40:57.480 --> 00:41:17.490 Stephano Pisera: there will be some banks more affected, but in general the EBA is saying that the banking industry is safe. Thanks to regulation and the imposition of strong capital requirements and 236 00:41:18.960 --> 00:41:32.070 Stephano Pisera: and lower risk taking improvement of banks. So I think could be, but it's not a banking crisis, this crisis of Covid-19 is not a banking crisis so banks 237 00:41:33.150 --> 00:41:45.300 Stephano Pisera: should play a pivotal role in economic system, especially in today's this period the European banking system is quite safe so far. 238 00:41:46.410 --> 00:41:47.010 Stephano Pisera: Tomorrow?! 239 00:41:52.170 --> 00:41:56.130 Hannah Pyman: Thank you. We've got some more for Nahida here. 240 00:41:57.690 --> 00:42:00.450 Hannah Pyman: We'll start with the top, so Beverley, 241 00:42:01.650 --> 00:42:07.080 Hannah Pyman: she wondered whether the Covid-19 situation, again Covid-19, has affected your plans 242 00:42:07.110 --> 00:42:12.480 Hannah Pyman: for the interviews. So how do you plan to conduct these, and whether these have been adapted in any way. 243 00:42:12.990 --> 00:42:22.500 Hannah Pyman: And she's put that she thinks you might have already answered the second one, but how you're planning to reflect on your own experiences and how this might impact your interpretation of the data. 244 00:42:23.610 --> 00:42:39.990 Nahida Hussain: Because I'm in my first year of my PhD and I'm a part time student, I'm hoping the Covid-19 situation will improve and I will be able to conduct face to face interviews in another year's time. 245 00:42:41.340 --> 00:42:49.620 Nahida Hussain: It all depends on whether I've become a full time student again because I'm working a bit faster than a part time student. So it all depends on my timing. 246 00:42:50.910 --> 00:42:56.820 Nahida Hussain: I think it's essential for me to have face to face interviews, especially with the first generation of South Asian women who may have 247 00:42:57.270 --> 00:43:04.080 Nahida Hussain: language difficulties as well, so might even need an interpreter and I need to build the rapport with 248 00:43:04.950 --> 00:43:14.190 Nahida Hussain: people to conduct these kind of interviews. And I'm still hoping that I would be able to do that. If not, I will do social distancing interviews I hope 249 00:43:15.150 --> 00:43:24.960 Nahida Hussain: if possible. If the journalists can do it, maybe I can do it too. So that's something that is interesting in itself in the sense that, how would I go about doing these interviews and it's still quite new for 250 00:43:25.440 --> 00:43:35.220 Nahida Hussain: almost every researcher who would normally do this kind of interview to see how they can adapt and change. So that's the answer to the first question. The second question... 251 00:43:37.590 --> 00:43:44.880 Hannah Pyman: It was are you planning to reflect on your own experiences, and how might this impact your interpretation of the data? 252 00:43:45.660 --> 00:43:48.300 Nahida Hussain: Yeah, I feel that I need to be very careful, 253 00:43:49.440 --> 00:43:54.300 Nahida Hussain: in terms of my role as a researcher, to keep 254 00:43:56.370 --> 00:44:07.680 Nahida Hussain: myself onjective in many, many of the situations, objective when I'm conducting interviews, and not making assumptions. And that's something I'm doing a little bit more research on in terms of how 255 00:44:08.280 --> 00:44:24.600 Nahida Hussain: I can do, I can actually, what kind of strategies I can use and what kind of device I can use in terms of being an inside researcher kind of thing. So yes, it is something that I am reading more about. And because I'm still in my early stages, it's still something that 256 00:44:25.980 --> 00:44:34.740 Nahida Hussain: I will take into account and hopefully something I can write about, how to actually do this as well. So yes, that is an interesting question. Thank you. 257 00:44:35.490 --> 00:44:41.760 Hannah Pyman: I guess, just to follow on from that on a similar theme, Ann asked do you have particular people in mind for your interviews? 258 00:44:42.720 --> 00:44:54.120 Nahida Hussain: I know a few people I can ask as a starting point, and I'm hoping I can sort of develop from there. Because I think once I start 259 00:44:54.630 --> 00:45:02.910 Nahida Hussain: interviewing one group of people they may give suggest other people. So it would be like a snowball sample, a sample that grows over time 260 00:45:03.390 --> 00:45:16.020 Nahida Hussain: as I start my research. So because I'm looking at quite diverse, in some sense a diverse group, because South Asia covers quite a large group of countries, but the main ones I'd be looking at is 261 00:45:16.500 --> 00:45:26.100 Nahida Hussain: the Indian, Pakistani, and the Bangladeshi communities, and I know a few families for each one of those that I'm hoping... The difficulty I think I will 262 00:45:26.730 --> 00:45:36.450 Nahida Hussain: encounter is that I need families where there was a three generation first, second, third, and it's the first generation that might be an issue because a lot of first generation women 263 00:45:37.620 --> 00:45:46.020 Nahida Hussain: are not around anymore. So it's just capturing those old grandmother's that came to the UK during the immigration phase. 264 00:45:46.440 --> 00:45:51.690 Nahida Hussain: And that itself might be a little bit challenging. And then the second thing that might be challenging as well will be the, 265 00:45:52.470 --> 00:46:03.300 Nahida Hussain: or something I need to take into account is looking at how grandmother's, some of these women, may not speak English or the language I speak. 266 00:46:03.840 --> 00:46:13.380 Nahida Hussain: So I may need interpreters for some of these interviews. So that's something else I may need to read a little bit more about, how I'm going to conduct these interviews in terms of 267 00:46:14.730 --> 00:46:28.710 Nahida Hussain: the kind of barriers that might come into these kind of areas. And to overcome to conduct interviews, and then the validity as well because you may need an interpreter and the validity of interview might reduce. 268 00:46:29.340 --> 00:46:32.880 Nahida Hussain: So that's something else to take into account. Thank you. 269 00:46:33.570 --> 00:46:34.080 Thanks. 270 00:46:35.190 --> 00:46:47.160 Hannah Pyman: We've got questions here for each from Katherine. We'll go first to Maria. So Catherine asks, does this mean that the Earth's water will evaporate if we're exposed to radiation? 271 00:46:49.050 --> 00:47:08.070 Maria Magliulo: This is a really interesting question, and the answer will be yes, but it more complicated than this. Meaning that our planet has a very strong magnetic field, and the reason because of that, it's because our planet has 272 00:47:09.870 --> 00:47:17.340 Maria Magliulo: a very hot core, which results in this big magnetic field that on Mars cools down more 273 00:47:18.450 --> 00:47:26.670 Maria Magliulo: quicker. Also, because you have to know that Mars is one third of the earth of the volume of the earth. 274 00:47:27.840 --> 00:47:35.160 Maria Magliulo: Now the fact that we are, we have a shield against solar and cosmic radiation, avoids 275 00:47:36.420 --> 00:47:40.620 Maria Magliulo: those radiation to strip out molecules from our atmosphere, 276 00:47:41.610 --> 00:47:56.610 Maria Magliulo: stripping out, what does this mean? This means that those particles supercharged of the radiation will hit against molecules in our atmosphere so they will give them, let's say, power leave the atmosphere. And that's how you get a 277 00:47:57.630 --> 00:48:01.500 Maria Magliulo: thinner atmosphere. Now, the thing with the water is that 278 00:48:02.670 --> 00:48:22.080 Maria Magliulo: our air is not composed just of oxygen, but it has many components and one of it is also the water molecules, the gaseous water molecules. And now if you remove them from the atmosphere, then the water in the liquid will, 279 00:48:23.790 --> 00:48:27.810 Maria Magliulo: I don't know how to explain this in a simple way, but the, let's say that 280 00:48:28.230 --> 00:48:46.230 Maria Magliulo: if I empty the gaseous phase the liquid phase will have more, let's say space in the gases. So it will leave the liquid, and will go to the gases phase. And that's how you will decrease the liquid water on our planet, but it will take long, long, long time. 281 00:48:48.480 --> 00:48:50.610 Maria Magliulo: I hope I answered your question. 282 00:48:52.440 --> 00:49:08.220 Hannah Pyman: I think so, I would say it answered the question, hopefully Catherine will say if not. Ok. So, also from Catherine we'll go back to Stefano. So why just ESG as a risk mitigator during times of financial crisis, and why not at other times? 283 00:49:08.940 --> 00:49:16.350 Stephano Pisera: Thank you for the question because it's really important. So we interpreted these results as follows. 284 00:49:16.980 --> 00:49:33.930 Stephano Pisera: The financial crisis has been a crisis, a trust crisis for the markets. There are a lot of empirical evidence that after, during the financial crisis, the financial system was really 285 00:49:35.280 --> 00:49:38.220 Stephano Pisera: destroyed in the trust of 286 00:49:39.360 --> 00:49:39.930 Stephano Pisera: social 287 00:49:41.940 --> 00:49:45.750 Stephano Pisera: economic actors, so being highly 288 00:49:46.920 --> 00:49:57.090 Stephano Pisera: sustainable and communicated in a good way in general is a signal of a good corporate governance, of trust in corporate governance. 289 00:49:58.170 --> 00:50:05.340 Stephano Pisera: So a good management of banks. So, while in other times, where 290 00:50:06.360 --> 00:50:10.380 Stephano Pisera: banks are not subject to trust crisis, 291 00:50:11.520 --> 00:50:35.880 Stephano Pisera: this doesn't seems to be really relevant. So we interpret the either CSR or ideas or in general in sustainable engagement and social engagement for banks as a signal to the market that the bank is trusted, and it's safe, and has a good balance, balance sheet position. 292 00:50:37.440 --> 00:50:55.920 Stephano Pisera: We interpret the results only in the crisis for these reasons, why in other periods in which there is no a lack of trust in which there is no lack of confidence in the in the system. These the CSR seems to be not so for bank stability. 293 00:50:56.940 --> 00:51:06.300 Stephano Pisera: Thank you for the question. Because it's a pivotal point of our paper but we are in line with a lot of contributions that show 294 00:51:08.130 --> 00:51:12.900 Stephano Pisera: the advantage of ESG factors during the financial crisis. 295 00:51:14.580 --> 00:51:21.000 Hannah Pyman: That's great, thank you. That was one of my questions as well, so that's good. Ok, and one for Nahida again. 296 00:51:21.630 --> 00:51:32.610 Hannah Pyman: So, do you think that you'll find significant differences within South Asian mother daughter relationships? So, for example, differences between social class with South Asian communities. 297 00:51:33.600 --> 00:51:35.340 Nahida Hussain: Yeah, definitely I think I will. 298 00:51:36.600 --> 00:51:40.890 Nahida Hussain: Even though South Asian communities might have some, lots of things, that are 299 00:51:42.270 --> 00:51:57.600 Nahida Hussain: similar, there are differences as well. And there's differences within each family, and within each household. So I am expecting there to be significant differences and because my research is more going to be qualitative research, 300 00:51:58.710 --> 00:52:13.560 Nahida Hussain: there are many factors which are going to differentiate each interviewee in each family as well. And I expect there to be a diverse range of responses to the kind of questions and sort of themes I'll been looking for. 301 00:52:14.820 --> 00:52:20.130 Nahida Hussain: But I think there will be some commonalities as well, there's been quite a lot of commonalities as well. 302 00:52:20.970 --> 00:52:38.850 Nahida Hussain: Because each woman's experience of immigration will be quite unique in itself. So this is why it's very much of a narrative kind of interview where they will be telling their own stories about their upbringing, and how influencing their practices of mothers and being daughters as well. 303 00:52:40.050 --> 00:52:41.460 Nahida Hussain: I hope that answers your question. 304 00:52:44.310 --> 00:52:49.590 Hannah Pyman: Thank you! That's all the questions that we had so far. 305 00:52:49.620 --> 00:52:52.500 Hannah Pyman: I don't know if anyone else had anything that they wanted to ask 306 00:52:55.890 --> 00:52:56.520 Hannah Pyman: . 307 00:52:56.730 --> 00:53:04.290 Katrine Sundsbo: I have a very kind of, it might be a naive question. I have a question for Maria because you mentioned that you 308 00:53:06.630 --> 00:53:23.790 Katrine Sundsbo: operate with radiation in labs and there's that large difference in exposure of what humans can take and what you're exposing the salt crystals to. So how do you protect yourself when when you you do those experiments? 309 00:53:25.980 --> 00:53:35.580 Maria Magliulo: Thank you for the question. There are tonnes of papers I have to sign every time for a risk assessment, when I have to perform such experiments, but mainly 310 00:53:36.930 --> 00:53:55.980 Maria Magliulo: I preform these experiments in Germany, I spend some time there, and the instrument is looking like a sort of box in which you can put your sample. The source of the radiation is up there. You close it and the material is shielding the 311 00:53:57.120 --> 00:54:20.220 Maria Magliulo: the people inside the lab from the radiation. So you close it, you activate the system. It's really, I felt really anxious every time I was near to that instrument! And for more protection we actually leave the lab as well. So we let it run and then we go and then come back and the cake is ready! 312 00:54:24.030 --> 00:54:25.080 Hannah Pyman: That sounds so scary! 313 00:54:25.650 --> 00:54:26.040 ! 314 00:54:29.850 --> 00:54:30.990 Maria Magliulo: Yeah it was actually! Thank you for the question. 315 00:54:35.190 --> 00:54:35.220 . 316 00:54:36.660 --> 00:54:43.680 Hannah Pyman: I think that might be all the questions we've got for now. None of you presenters have questions for each other? I feel like we should give you the opportunity. 317 00:54:46.800 --> 00:54:47.010 No? Cool. 318 00:54:49.650 --> 00:55:04.260 Hannah Pyman: I guess you all shared your email addresses as well so if anyone thinks, or has any questions later they've got your email address on the slides, which we'll circulate, and people can email Kat or I as well if they don't want to go directly to the presenters. 319 00:55:06.750 --> 00:55:20.130 Katrine Sundsbo: Right, thank you to all the presenters for joining us today. Very, very interesting presentations, very varied and I feel like I've learned a lot about lots of different subject areas. 320 00:55:20.670 --> 00:55:25.530 Katrine Sundsbo: And thank you for giving us the opportunity to ask you guys questions as well about your research. 321 00:55:26.100 --> 00:55:37.020 Katrine Sundsbo: It's been a really nice hour to spend with you guys, and thank you to all the attendees. As Hannah said we'll be sending the slides around, and the webinar is recorded so it will be 322 00:55:38.130 --> 00:55:40.530 Katrine Sundsbo: available through the repository as soon as we have 323 00:55:42.000 --> 00:55:47.040 Katrine Sundsbo: made it ready for sharing. Please tune into the next 324 00:55:48.330 --> 00:55:51.840 Katrine Sundsbo: Newcomers Presents, which will be on the ninth of June. 325 00:55:53.340 --> 00:55:55.530 Katrine Sundsbo: Right, thank you guys. 326 00:55:56.220 --> 00:55:58.740 Stephano Pisera: Bye bye. Thank you for the opportunity. 327 00:55:59.400 --> 00:56:00.000 Maria Magliulo: Thank you.