Katrine Sundsbo: Okay. Welcome, everyone, and thank you for joining us today for our first ever Newcomers Presents webinar series.
Katrine Sundsbo: My name is Kat, I'm the scholarly communications and research support manager at the Library at the University
Katrine Sundsbo: My colleague Hannah Pyman and myself will be managing the webinar today. So if you have any questions, or any problems, just send us a chat message. Hannah, do you want to just give wave.
Katrine Sundsbo: Thank you. So we want to encourage you to ask questions throughout the webinar via the Q and A function in zoom. If you have any questions while you're watching any of the presenters,
Katrine Sundsbo: just pop the question in there and we'll deal with all the questions at the end of the webinar. With us today we have Nahida Hussain,
Katrine Sundsbo: Stefano Pisera, and Maria Magliulo, I hope I pronounced that correctly, who all have very interesting and very different topics to talk about today.
Katrine Sundsbo: So I'm going to introduce the first speaker, Nahida Hussain, who's a PhD student at the sociology department. Today, she's going to talk about how the South Asian woman has evolved from generation one
Katrine Sundsbo: to generation three in terms of her identity, practice and experience of being a mother, and her experience of being mothered so whenever you're ready Nahida start sharing your screen. Thank you.
Nahida Hussain: Good morning everyone, hope you can all hear me. My study is looking at the inter-generational relationship between South Asian grandmothers, mothers and daughters in the UK.
Nahida Hussain: It's an inter-generational study
Nahida Hussain: which looks at the first generation of women who came to the UK after the Second World War, which I see as the first generation,
Nahida Hussain: as the mothers. The second generation of women are the daughters to those first generation women, and their daughters are the granddaughters to those first generation of women.
Nahida Hussain: I have three main research questions. I'm in my first year, so it's still
Nahida Hussain: a work in progress. My main three research questions on looking at each generation, in turn.
Nahida Hussain: The first question looks at how does religious cultural identity influence the mother daughter relationship between first generation
Nahida Hussain: and second generation of South Asian women. So these are the first generation of women who came to the UK after the Second World War in the 1960s, 70s, and 80s, and how their cultural and religious background from South Asia
Nahida Hussain: influenced their identities, and how much of that did they pass on to the second generation.
Nahida Hussain: My second research question looks at the second generation of South Asian women, which are the daughters to the first generation. So they are the mothers
Nahida Hussain: of the third generation. So the second question is what cultural religious aspects of mothering are passed on to the second generation South Asian women. How does this influence mother daughter relationship of second and third generation of South Asian women.
Nahida Hussain: I think the main thing about my research is the influence of immigration that the first generation women experienced and how much of that did they pass on
Nahida Hussain: to the second generation of women. How much of that did they pass on to the daughters, and how the mothering experiences influenced identity of the second generation of South Asian women.
Nahida Hussain: The third question is how much of the cultural, religious beliefs and traditions did the third generation females value. So how much of it has been filtered to the third generation
Nahida Hussain: and how does this differ from the previous generations. So the third question looks at the granddaughters of the first generation of South Asian Women.
Nahida Hussain: The rationale for my study is really based quite personal. As a second generation female myself, who immigrated to the UK as a child,
Nahida Hussain: I feel that immigration has a big impact on the identity of people. And there's been a lack of research on women and South Asian women because
Nahida Hussain: there's lots of research on the South Asian community as a whole, but the South Asian women and their experiences of immigration is very limited.
Nahida Hussain: And how that immigration, that experience of immigration, what impact it has on their identities as women and as mothers and how much of it did they pass on to their daughters. So it's quite a personal rationale for
Nahida Hussain: my research.
Nahida Hussain: The background, or the literature review, of my research shows that there is quite a lot of different kind of themes that come up. Firstly, the history of the South Asian women,
Nahida Hussain: and the concept of self and how much it has sort of developed from the from their own past experiences.
Nahida Hussain: The history of the South Asian woman shows that she has emerged from various types of struggles. Struggles of colonialism, patriarchy, social class differences, and immigration, and how
Nahida Hussain: all these factors will influence her identity, and subsequently the identities of her daughter, and her granddaughter.
Nahida Hussain: So first emotions women experience will influence their role as mothers to their daughters.
Nahida Hussain: So there is some research that shows history is really important to the South Asian woman and how she has developed over time.
Nahida Hussain: Gender is another theme that comes up in the literature, because obviously this is a very gendered research in the sense that I'm only looking at South Asian women.
Nahida Hussain: Research demonstrates that mothers have a great influence on the up-bringing of their daughters. There is a large amount of research that shows mothers have a huge influence on their daughters, and sons to a great extent, but
Nahida Hussain: it's even more defined in the South Asian culture. So that is something that I'm going to be drawing into.
Nahida Hussain: And girls in the South Asian culture are brought up differently to boys and in the South Asian culture. Again, it's general in society as a whole, I believe, but I feel that it's even more defined in South Asian culture, and there is a lot of research evidence to show that.
Nahida Hussain: The background literature also shows that
Nahida Hussain: the dynamics of social change and and time are very important. So social cultural change does take place over time. And this can influence the practices
Nahida Hussain: and identities of mothering and being a mother and a daughter in a mother daughter relationship. And factors like age, maturity, social mobility can diversify or convert the relationship between mothers and daughters, so
Nahida Hussain: does the age of the daughter, over time, does it have an influence on how her identity develops as a daughter, and how she accepts certain aspects of her culture or religion.
Nahida Hussain: The theory behind my research will be looking at theories of socialization and feminist theories in general and I'm still doing a lot of literature research on this aspect of my research.
Nahida Hussain: Again, the methods I'm going to be using are in depth interviews. Mainly narrative type of in depth interviews with a sample of approximately eight to ten
Nahida Hussain: three generation mother and daughter and granddaughter families.
Nahida Hussain: So it will be families where we will have a three generation mother, daughter and granddaughter.
Nahida Hussain: I am still refining my methods, and hopefully I'll be able to get a good sample through snowball sampling, through contacts, and hopefully I'll be able to get the right amount. I'm hoping to use thematic analysis to draw out the main things from my research,
Nahida Hussain: based on what I've already talked about in terms of my literature, but also things that might come up, which I haven't really thought about, or new things that would come out of my research.
Nahida Hussain: And
Nahida Hussain: these are some of the references to my study.
Nahida Hussain: Thank you very much for listening.
Katrine Sundsbo: Thank you so much Nahida. That was very interesting, I look forward to hearing more about how you get on with your research as well.
Katrine Sundsbo: And later on, maybe at another Newcomers Presents series, we can catch up with you at a later point. Thank you. There'll be time for questions at the end, so if you have any questions for Nahida about anything she's discovered throughout her literature review and background,
Katrine Sundsbo: please add them to the Q&A or the chat and we'll
Katrine Sundsbo: ask them at the end. Our next speaker is Stefano Pisera. He's a PhD candidate
Katrine Sundsbo: in managerial and actuarial sciences.
Stephano Pisera: Hi
Stephano Pisera: .
Katrine Sundsbo: At the universities of Udine and Trieste, so in Italy. He's also a postgraduate researcher and a research assistant at the Essex business school.
Katrine Sundsbo: His talk is titled ESGs, so, environmental, social and governance strategies, and enhancing bank stability during financial turmoil: evidence
Katrine Sundsbo: from Europe. So whenever you're ready Stefano.
Stephano Pisera: Thank you.
Good morning.
Stephano Pisera: Okay.
Stephano Pisera: Yes.
Stephano Pisera: Good morning. I'm Stefano Pisera, and today we will talk about my paper and writing with L. Chiaramonte, A. Dreassi, and C. Giradone.
Stephano Pisera: So,
Stephano Pisera: as we start, we introduce
Stephano Pisera: with the motivations of the paper. After the global financial crisis, there's been a great interest from the public and the regulation on potential benefit from corporate social responsibility that what these corporate social responsibility briefly is,
Stephano Pisera: can account for sustainable practices by firms, financial and non financial firms, so banks or non banks, for example.
Stephano Pisera: So many studies found that improvement in corporate social responsibility benefit from stakeholder lower the vulnerability and the reputational risk.
Stephano Pisera: So these issues became really relevant for banks, for example, that increasing perceived sustainability practice/practices as a means to restore their reputation, and promote trust and credibility.
Stephano Pisera: At the same time, from a European Union framework, there has been an interest in enforcing firms,
Stephano Pisera: from 2014 to disclose
Stephano Pisera: their sustainable practices
Stephano Pisera: within the rule comply or explain. So comply with the rule, so communicate your sustainability strategies, or explain why you don't do this.
Stephano Pisera: So, from a legal perspective, we can say that there are not many papers related to corporate social responsibility in financial firms, but only on non financial corporation. So few studies, like for example, Baradwaj and Peloza focused on CSR in the US sample.
Stephano Pisera: While they're more focused on governance aspects, there are few studies, but in general and find that a greater, a better, corporate governance increased bank stability.
Stephano Pisera: So we contribute in many ways to the literature, for example, firstly by using European banks data we can
Stephano Pisera: focus on the case of European bank authority, for example, and to gauge, for example, what was the impact of non financial disclosure that acted on bank stability. Our second contribution involves the use of a large set of sustainability
Stephano Pisera: measures. Like, for example, environmental, social and governance score as a proxy of bank CSR.
Stephano Pisera: In total we study the relationship between ESG factors in a long period, that includes the great financial crisis. This allows us to study if any differences of any different impact
Stephano Pisera: has been during the financial crisis compared to non financial crisis.
Stephano Pisera: So,
Stephano Pisera: additionally we test our hypothesis on different sub-samples, highlighting the different role of environmental control environment, and in general, country environment.
Stephano Pisera: So to sum up our hypotheses are: banks with higher aggregate ESG scores are less risky.
Stephano Pisera: More procedural environmental activism reduces risk taking, especially during a financial crisis.
Stephano Pisera: Bank risk is inversely related to the banks' level of social engagement. And our last hypothesis is that fair governance practices positively affect bank stability, especially during a financial crisis.
Stephano Pisera: So here can we see how we build some of our database. So we select the banks headquartered in European countries,
Stephano Pisera: with data available from Thomson Reuters' Refinitiv ESG score from 2005 to 2007. Our final sample consists of 84 banks that cover 21 countries belonging to eastern, western, northern and southern Europe, so all banks are listed.
Stephano Pisera: In addition, we have half our sample that belongs to the EBA's stress test for large banks. As an empirical model we employ a two-step GMM estimator, with standard error at the firm level, and as measure of back stability we employed the Merton's Distance to Default.
Stephano Pisera: Okay, here you can find our baseline result in which we test,
Stephano Pisera: as a means of interaction that is between our target variable, that is ESG, environmental, social and governance score,
Stephano Pisera: interacting with the dummy crisis that is taking away from one for the period from 2008 to 2012 and zero otherwise. So as we can see highlighted in red
Stephano Pisera: we have
Stephano Pisera: our target variable, our variable of interest, and as we can see from this table
Stephano Pisera: all our public variables are positively correlated with the bank stability proxy by distance to default.
Stephano Pisera: So this is true for our ESG score, for our environmental score, for social score, and for government score.
Stephano Pisera: So disentangling the single ESG score, we find that for the environmental aspects, the most important aspect of a bank
Stephano Pisera: stability relationship is the environmental innovation score. So that reflects the company capacity to reduce environmental costs. As for the social score, we find that the workforce score, so for example of a bank, its
Stephano Pisera: workers, how safe is their place for example,
Stephano Pisera: how diverse and equal is their
Stephano Pisera: workplace,
Stephano Pisera: is positively correlated with bank stability. In the same way the product responsibility score and the shareholder score
Stephano Pisera: seems to be positively correlated with the maximum. So, these are all sub pillars that explain the positive correlation between sustainable practices and flexibility.
Stephano Pisera: So, as we know, there could be a lot of problems of, for example, endogeneity, and to solve this in some way and to test
Stephano Pisera: the impact of the non financial directive of European Commission on 2014 we employ quasi natural experiment,
Stephano Pisera: the so called difference indifference middle backdating as a shocker, the ear of the non financial disclosure active of 2014, then
Stephano Pisera: creating a trigger sample of banks with higher levels of ESG ratings, match it with banks with lower ESG ratings with the propensity score matching caliper 2%
Stephano Pisera: After the shock, that is our interest, represented by the interaction between D_SHOCK and D_TREATED,
Stephano Pisera: banks with either ESG rating increase their stability. So the results of this model support the recent effort of European banking regulators, who are mandatory announcing disclosure of non financial information for list of feedback in general for more visibility for our sample for banks.
Stephano Pisera: So here,
Stephano Pisera: a list of robustness test that we check
Stephano Pisera: that you can find in the appendix. We tested if our sample, our results, would be biased from selection bias problem by employing the Heckman two step regression.
Stephano Pisera: We can test the for endogeneity by using the instrumental valuable two-stage least squares regression analysis by employing an alternative measure of
Stephano Pisera: bank sustainability practices like for example the Bloomberg ESG score, and an alternative measures of bank stability, like the so called Z score.
Stephano Pisera: Finally we test, as I mentioned before, a lot of sub-samples to test if EBA banks or bank oriented financial systems and counties with higher GDP per capita ratio have more positive
Stephano Pisera: correlation between bank sustainability practices and stability. So our key findings are that we provide evidence that the total ESG score, as well as its sub-pillars, reduce bank fragility. It is very important that according to their, for example, the recent findings are of
Stephano Pisera: the climate risk, and their social risk we are facing today.
Stephano Pisera: Moreover, we find that this stabilising effect holds strongly for banks with higher score.
Stephano Pisera: Finally, we show that the ESG bank risk linkages vary significantly across banks' characteristics and different operating environments. So we can conclude that
Stephano Pisera: we can provide evidence that sustainability practices provided by ESG score could act as a risk mitigated device for banks during previews of financial distress. So being sustainable is not only important for the environment, that is
Stephano Pisera: the first problem, but it's also important for financial systems in general as well. A possible explanation is that engaging environmental social and governance seems to be associated with more prudent banking activities. And, as we saw from the last financial crisis,
Stephano Pisera: that is a really relevant topic now because
Stephano Pisera: if a bank fails, if a financial system is not that stable, this could be a big problem that can be spread for many sectors, economic sector.
Stephano Pisera: So our evidence reveals that beyond the traditional regulatory approach, focusing on government social and environmental issues matters, also in the banking system.
Stephano Pisera: Moreover, we find
Stephano Pisera: if an economic valuation of the policy proposed by the European Union with the introduction of the non-financial reporting directive
Stephano Pisera: are finding that the banks with higher ESG scores are more sustainable and more engaged in sustainable practices more benefit from data collection of these tools. So thank you for attention.
Katrine Sundsbo: Thank you so much Stefano. A lot of information to unpack there. Very, very interesting. And we already have a question for you, for you later on. So feel free to
Katrine Sundsbo: join in the adding more questions.
Katrine Sundsbo: Just before we introduce our last speaker, I know that there are some some dogs in the room, so if you guys hear any barking or scratching, it's a part of working from home.
Katrine Sundsbo: So our last speaker is Maria Magliulo, and she is a PhD student in microbiology in the Department of Life Sciences. She will talk about microbiology, astrobiology, and the limits of life in what looks like a very fascinating presentation. So whenever you're ready Maria.
Yep.
Maria Magliulo: So good morning everyone. I'd like to start with this slide because it's a bit of introduction about myself. And also, I don't know if you can see here, but there's a little dot,
Maria Magliulo: and this is us. This is the planet Earth. This is from something like 4 billion miles
Maria Magliulo: distance, and it appears like "the pale blue dot" is the title of the picture because of the scattering effect of light in our atmosphere. And
Maria Magliulo: a specific component of our atmosphere is oxygen. The reason why we have oxygen is because of our unique feature of earth which is life.
Maria Magliulo: I know that this this light is a bit funny, is taking it on a funny side, but literally, there's no other planet
Maria Magliulo: that we are aware of that teams with life as our planet. So why is that? From this, there are so many questions arising, such as how did life evolve? How did life originate? Which are the conditions that make
Maria Magliulo: a planet conducive to life? But those questions are kind of difficult to answer as our good old Boromir reminds us. However, there are some ways to explore these
Maria Magliulo: questions, and these ways are the extreme environments. Now when I say extreme environments, I'm referring to environments which at present are not able to survive to.
Maria Magliulo: But there are micro organisms living in those extreme environments which not only are able to survive to those extremes, but actually the three
Maria Magliulo: at those extreme, and according to each extreme they take their name. So, for example, for very hot environment we have Thermophiles,
Maria Magliulo: for acidic environments we have a acidosphiles. In the case of my PhD, I'm working with microbes that love salt. And so these are called Halophiles.
Maria Magliulo: But the microbes I'm working with are not only challenging the extreme of salt, but they are also challenging another extreme to life, which is time.
Maria Magliulo: So we know that we all live in a defined window of time,
Maria Magliulo: for a number of years. However, the microbes I'm working with, they're able to survive for a very, very long time.
Maria Magliulo: What you see here is a wall made of salt. I took this picture in our field trip in Sicily in a salt mine, the Realmonte Salt Mine,
Maria Magliulo: and this beautiful wall is made of salt. And when you see it, it's easy to imagine that actually it's the remnants of an old sea, and the old sea see I'm talking about is the Mediterranean. Actually, when we look at the Mediterranean today,
Maria Magliulo: we have to know that it has not always been like that. About between five and six million years ago, it started to evaporate, and from the evaporation,
Maria Magliulo: the Mediterranean resulted in a sort of desiccated basin. So, at that time, the Mediterranean was an extreme environment, and in these extreme environments there were microbes living.
Maria Magliulo: And although it appears as a rocky surface, I can assure you that this is not just rock, because inside of it there are little inclusions of
Maria Magliulo: the brines that were there while the the sea was operating. and of course in those brines there were microbes living such as this microcrobe
Maria Magliulo: which is called Halobacterium Salinarum. It belongs to the domain Archaens. It loves salt, it's resistant to high doses of radiation, and probably it's immortal. And you can see here in the fantastic picture it's red, because it has a pigment that gives it this colouration.
Maria Magliulo: How it works with this micro that's probably surviving forever, so first of all I'm trying to mimic the extreme environment in which it's living,
Maria Magliulo: and the first thing I do is growing it, and in the first, here you can see the liquid culture. I poured some cells in it, and it started growing, and after a week you have something like this. And what I do,
Maria Magliulo: after this is isolating some cells, and in this picture you can see these are the cells of a Halobacterium Salinarum.
Maria Magliulo: I'm also growing other halophiles, such as Dunaliella Salina, in this case is green, is a microalgae living in hypersaline environments.
Maria Magliulo: And what I do then is washing them with salt solution, and wait for the water of the salt solution to evaporate, and what results are those marvelous
Maria Magliulo: square shaped crystals, and you can see in there that they are kind of pinkish. And that's because as I said inside those those crystals you have little 3D intrusions
Maria Magliulo: in which microbes can get entrapped. And if we have a closer look at them, those are pictures I took under the microscope, you can see that there's plenty of inclusions in it.
Maria Magliulo: And here in this central one, we can see beautiful cells of Dunaliella Salina inside for inclusion, it's big for inclusion here.
Maria Magliulo: And in those two picture, we can see three inclusions with other bacteria salinarum. Unfortunately we can't really tell the single cells, but you can see that the colours
Maria Magliulo: resemble the red colouration of the microbe.
Maria Magliulo: Now what I do with those crystals are basically three kinds of experiments. The first one is periodically I pick individual crystals and I put them in the liquid medium to see if they are able to grow again to see if they are alive. And so far, one
Maria Magliulo: year, almost one year of experiments
Maria Magliulo: They are able to
Maria Magliulo: survive fantastically. They're not even bothered by the fact that they are entrapped inside this crystal. Another experiment
Maria Magliulo: is exposing those results to different stressors, as indicated they are almost burned
Maria Magliulo: by holding them to ionizing radiation. Here it goes down to 5000Gy. Now you don't have to know how much and what is 5000Gy, what you have to know is that a human beings, if a human being is exposed to 0.7Gy, that human will die.
Maria Magliulo: The third experiment that I'm doing, oh, and by the way, sorry these microbes are able to survive to 5000Gy.
Maria Magliulo: The third experiment that I'm doing is extracting proteins from cells that are extracted from crystals. The reason why I'm doing that is because proteins can tell you
Maria Magliulo: what the microbe is doing inside this fluid inclusion, and though the analyses are still in progress, what I found so far is that this microbe
Maria Magliulo: prefers to modify what it already has, instead of producing new molecules, which kind of makes sense because inside this route inclusion, you don't have so much energy and food,
Maria Magliulo: so you have to adapt in some ways. Now, so basically the question of my PhD is how long can this microbes by, but of course
Maria Magliulo: with my PhD I can't wait until the very last day of this microbe as the evidence, just to be about it able to be able to say yes it survived a thousand or a million years. What I can do is
Maria Magliulo: perform such experiments in order to restrain questions and answers about the longevity of these microbes. And the importance of this project is that, first of all, it's super fascinating. And second, and it's important to define the limits of life in order to
Maria Magliulo: well in the light of the quest for life elsewhere. Also, because there are moons,
Maria Magliulo: moons of Jupiter and Saturn which underneath their surface they have salty waters. And also on Mars,
Maria Magliulo: even if today It looks like a sort of desert,
Maria Magliulo: scientists have found that
Maria Magliulo: there are rocks
Maria Magliulo: underneath it
Maria Magliulo: and reading because of that, the reason for this is
Maria Magliulo: due to the fact that in the past Mars had, this allowed the planet to be shielded from solar and cosmic radiation. So it had a thicker atmosphere that allowed the planet to have warmer and wetter atmosphere. Then, of course, now it looks like
Maria Magliulo: this yesterday, but once it might not have been so much different from Earth. Well, of course, this is an artistic impression. And what I'm saying is that water evaporated
Maria Magliulo: over this long time and so rocks remain now underneath its surface. So it's really intriguing to think that since
Maria Magliulo: there are life forms on earth that are able to survive radiation, and even for very long time. So it's really interesting to look at Mars in this light. But this I added here few references you might have a look into.
Maria Magliulo: I strongly suggest to you the first one. It is a recent publication of my supervisor, and in our world in our life and during our evolution. And all the others are on information we found very useful. This is a picture of a crystal with even bubbles in it.
Maria Magliulo: So I hope you really enjoyed my talk.
Maria Magliulo: And thank you so much.
Katrine Sundsbo: Thank you, Maria. That was very fascinating.
Katrine Sundsbo: I have some questions for all of you. So I think we're going to go into the question part of
Katrine Sundsbo: the webinar. So Hannah will be managing this, but if you're asked a question and any of the other presenters would like to chip in or tell something about their experience just raise your hand or unmute yourself and we'll, give you the word.
Katrine Sundsbo: Hannah.
Hannah Pyman: So I think we've got one question in the Q&A already for Stefano.
Hannah Pyman: That was from Ann,
Hannah Pyman: and she asked what are EBS stress tests?
Stephano Pisera: Okay.
Stephano Pisera: So, um, thank you for the question. The stress tests are the EBA stress tests.
Stephano Pisera: Periodically stress tests are imposed by the EBA. That is the European Banking Authority.
Stephano Pisera: They are done with the ECB, the European Central Bank, that test the condition of European banks,
Stephano Pisera: under different scenarios that can be amended. And they test the resilience of banks,
Stephano Pisera: from an exorbitant shock or in case of
Stephano Pisera: the rising of another financial crisis. In general, our target is to see, is to check the quality of the banking system in Europe. In my study, in my paper, due to the fact that the tests are periodical, so there are
Stephano Pisera: tests done in 2014, in 2017, in 2018,
Stephano Pisera: sometimes the banks analysis is changed. So in our paper we employed a 2014 banks test,
Stephano Pisera: and what are the, in general, to sum up, the banks testing. Banks that compete for the economic system, so banks that are larger, or banks are more connected,
Stephano Pisera: or institutions are of critical importance. OK, so the EBA test, if in case of crisis, in case of risks,
Stephano Pisera: that banks are safe.
Stephano Pisera: Thank you. I don't know that was clear, but,
Stephano Pisera: to sum up, this is the EBA stress test.
Hannah Pyman: Thanks.
Hannah Pyman: Kat, did you say you have some questions?
Katrine Sundsbo: Yes. I'm going to start with Nahida.
Katrine Sundsbo: So, you mentioned you've been looking through quite a lot of the literature and it's something that's quite personal to you. So I'm just wondering
Katrine Sundsbo: if you found anything in the literature that was surprising, or very linked with your own experience, or maybe not linked at all to your experience?
Nahida Hussain: Um, yeah.
Nahida Hussain: There was some research, which was quite surprising. The fact that sometimes women,
Nahida Hussain: pass on cultures or ideas on to their daughters which the
Nahida Hussain: daughters don't actually change, so it kind of passes on to the third generation. And I think I was under the assumption that maybe
Nahida Hussain: these ideas might change all the time. But sometimes the daughters accept and like what they
Nahida Hussain: receive and I've realized that as a researcher, I've got to be quite neutral on that, which kind of helped me understand my own role as a researcher and not make assumptions. Because
Nahida Hussain: I feel I'm inside my own research, and that can be quite a hard task to sort of disconnect, and not make assumptions about what you're researching.
Nahida Hussain: So that itself is something that I've been writing about in my methodology, about how I can disconnect as a South Asian woman from from sort of centralizing and sort of making assumptions about my subject.
Nahida Hussain: Yeah, so that, yeah. I hope that answers a question.
Hannah Pyman: Thanks Nahida. Okay, we've got a few more come through on the Q&A now. So we've got another one for Stefano. So will there be stress tests done following the current crisis, so following the Corona Virus pandemic will there be stress tests done?
Stephano Pisera: I don't know.
Stephano Pisera: So,
Stephano Pisera: So the fact is that thanks in some way to the last financial crisis, the EBA started to to do this stress test, with the fragments of yearly or two year. So banks in 2012,
Stephano Pisera: according to the EBA,
Stephano Pisera: are safe, are not
Stephano Pisera: faced with the crisis, the Covid-19 crisis, in a strong way with the safe balanced situation in general. Obviously there are,
Stephano Pisera: there will be some banks more affected, but in general the EBA is saying that the banking industry is safe. Thanks to regulation and the imposition of strong capital requirements and
Stephano Pisera: and lower risk taking improvement of banks. So I think could be, but it's not a banking crisis, this crisis of Covid-19 is not a banking crisis so banks
Stephano Pisera: should play a pivotal role in economic system, especially in today's this period the European banking system is quite safe so far.
Stephano Pisera: Tomorrow?!
Hannah Pyman: Thank you. We've got some more for Nahida here.
Hannah Pyman: We'll start with the top, so Beverley,
Hannah Pyman: she wondered whether the Covid-19 situation, again Covid-19, has affected your plans
Hannah Pyman: for the interviews. So how do you plan to conduct these, and whether these have been adapted in any way.
Hannah Pyman: And she's put that she thinks you might have already answered the second one, but how you're planning to reflect on your own experiences and how this might impact your interpretation of the data.
Nahida Hussain: Because I'm in my first year of my PhD and I'm a part time student, I'm hoping the Covid-19 situation will improve and I will be able to conduct face to face interviews in another year's time.
Nahida Hussain: It all depends on whether I've become a full time student again because I'm working a bit faster than a part time student. So it all depends on my timing.
Nahida Hussain: I think it's essential for me to have face to face interviews, especially with the first generation of South Asian women who may have
Nahida Hussain: language difficulties as well, so might even need an interpreter and I need to build the rapport with
Nahida Hussain: people to conduct these kind of interviews. And I'm still hoping that I would be able to do that. If not, I will do social distancing interviews I hope
Nahida Hussain: if possible. If the journalists can do it, maybe I can do it too. So that's something that is interesting in itself in the sense that, how would I go about doing these interviews and it's still quite new for
Nahida Hussain: almost every researcher who would normally do this kind of interview to see how they can adapt and change. So that's the answer to the first question. The second question...
Hannah Pyman: It was are you planning to reflect on your own experiences, and how might this impact your interpretation of the data?
Nahida Hussain: Yeah, I feel that I need to be very careful,
Nahida Hussain: in terms of my role as a researcher, to keep
Nahida Hussain: myself onjective in many, many of the situations, objective when I'm conducting interviews, and not making assumptions. And that's something I'm doing a little bit more research on in terms of how
Nahida Hussain: I can do, I can actually, what kind of strategies I can use and what kind of device I can use in terms of being an inside researcher kind of thing. So yes, it is something that I am reading more about. And because I'm still in my early stages, it's still something that
Nahida Hussain: I will take into account and hopefully something I can write about, how to actually do this as well. So yes, that is an interesting question. Thank you.
Hannah Pyman: I guess, just to follow on from that on a similar theme, Ann asked do you have particular people in mind for your interviews?
Nahida Hussain: I know a few people I can ask as a starting point, and I'm hoping I can sort of develop from there. Because I think once I start
Nahida Hussain: interviewing one group of people they may give suggest other people. So it would be like a snowball sample, a sample that grows over time
Nahida Hussain: as I start my research. So because I'm looking at quite diverse, in some sense a diverse group, because South Asia covers quite a large group of countries, but the main ones I'd be looking at is
Nahida Hussain: the Indian, Pakistani, and the Bangladeshi communities, and I know a few families for each one of those that I'm hoping... The difficulty I think I will
Nahida Hussain: encounter is that I need families where there was a three generation first, second, third, and it's the first generation that might be an issue because a lot of first generation women
Nahida Hussain: are not around anymore. So it's just capturing those old grandmother's that came to the UK during the immigration phase.
Nahida Hussain: And that itself might be a little bit challenging. And then the second thing that might be challenging as well will be the,
Nahida Hussain: or something I need to take into account is looking at how grandmother's, some of these women, may not speak English or the language I speak.
Nahida Hussain: So I may need interpreters for some of these interviews. So that's something else I may need to read a little bit more about, how I'm going to conduct these interviews in terms of
Nahida Hussain: the kind of barriers that might come into these kind of areas. And to overcome to conduct interviews, and then the validity as well because you may need an interpreter and the validity of interview might reduce.
Nahida Hussain: So that's something else to take into account. Thank you.
Thanks.
Hannah Pyman: We've got questions here for each from Katherine. We'll go first to Maria. So Catherine asks, does this mean that the Earth's water will evaporate if we're exposed to radiation?
Maria Magliulo: This is a really interesting question, and the answer will be yes, but it more complicated than this. Meaning that our planet has a very strong magnetic field, and the reason because of that, it's because our planet has
Maria Magliulo: a very hot core, which results in this big magnetic field that on Mars cools down more
Maria Magliulo: quicker. Also, because you have to know that Mars is one third of the earth of the volume of the earth.
Maria Magliulo: Now the fact that we are, we have a shield against solar and cosmic radiation, avoids
Maria Magliulo: those radiation to strip out molecules from our atmosphere,
Maria Magliulo: stripping out, what does this mean? This means that those particles supercharged of the radiation will hit against molecules in our atmosphere so they will give them, let's say, power leave the atmosphere. And that's how you get a
Maria Magliulo: thinner atmosphere. Now, the thing with the water is that
Maria Magliulo: our air is not composed just of oxygen, but it has many components and one of it is also the water molecules, the gaseous water molecules. And now if you remove them from the atmosphere, then the water in the liquid will,
Maria Magliulo: I don't know how to explain this in a simple way, but the, let's say that
Maria Magliulo: if I empty the gaseous phase the liquid phase will have more, let's say space in the gases. So it will leave the liquid, and will go to the gases phase. And that's how you will decrease the liquid water on our planet, but it will take long, long, long time.
Maria Magliulo: I hope I answered your question.
Hannah Pyman: I think so, I would say it answered the question, hopefully Catherine will say if not. Ok. So, also from Catherine we'll go back to Stefano. So why just ESG as a risk mitigator during times of financial crisis, and why not at other times?
Stephano Pisera: Thank you for the question because it's really important. So we interpreted these results as follows.
Stephano Pisera: The financial crisis has been a crisis, a trust crisis for the markets. There are a lot of empirical evidence that after, during the financial crisis, the financial system was really
Stephano Pisera: destroyed in the trust of
Stephano Pisera: social
Stephano Pisera: economic actors, so being highly
Stephano Pisera: sustainable and communicated in a good way in general is a signal of a good corporate governance, of trust in corporate governance.
Stephano Pisera: So a good management of banks. So, while in other times, where
Stephano Pisera: banks are not subject to trust crisis,
Stephano Pisera: this doesn't seems to be really relevant. So we interpret the either CSR or ideas or in general in sustainable engagement and social engagement for banks as a signal to the market that the bank is trusted, and it's safe, and has a good balance, balance sheet position.
Stephano Pisera: We interpret the results only in the crisis for these reasons, why in other periods in which there is no a lack of trust in which there is no lack of confidence in the in the system. These the CSR seems to be not so for bank stability.
Stephano Pisera: Thank you for the question. Because it's a pivotal point of our paper but we are in line with a lot of contributions that show
Stephano Pisera: the advantage of ESG factors during the financial crisis.
Hannah Pyman: That's great, thank you. That was one of my questions as well, so that's good. Ok, and one for Nahida again.
Hannah Pyman: So, do you think that you'll find significant differences within South Asian mother daughter relationships? So, for example, differences between social class with South Asian communities.
Nahida Hussain: Yeah, definitely I think I will.
Nahida Hussain: Even though South Asian communities might have some, lots of things, that are
Nahida Hussain: similar, there are differences as well. And there's differences within each family, and within each household. So I am expecting there to be significant differences and because my research is more going to be qualitative research,
Nahida Hussain: there are many factors which are going to differentiate each interviewee in each family as well. And I expect there to be a diverse range of responses to the kind of questions and sort of themes I'll been looking for.
Nahida Hussain: But I think there will be some commonalities as well, there's been quite a lot of commonalities as well.
Nahida Hussain: Because each woman's experience of immigration will be quite unique in itself. So this is why it's very much of a narrative kind of interview where they will be telling their own stories about their upbringing, and how influencing their practices of mothers and being daughters as well.
Nahida Hussain: I hope that answers your question.
Hannah Pyman: Thank you! That's all the questions that we had so far.
Hannah Pyman: I don't know if anyone else had anything that they wanted to ask
Hannah Pyman: .
Katrine Sundsbo: I have a very kind of, it might be a naive question. I have a question for Maria because you mentioned that you
Katrine Sundsbo: operate with radiation in labs and there's that large difference in exposure of what humans can take and what you're exposing the salt crystals to. So how do you protect yourself when when you you do those experiments?
Maria Magliulo: Thank you for the question. There are tonnes of papers I have to sign every time for a risk assessment, when I have to perform such experiments, but mainly
Maria Magliulo: I preform these experiments in Germany, I spend some time there, and the instrument is looking like a sort of box in which you can put your sample. The source of the radiation is up there. You close it and the material is shielding the
Maria Magliulo: the people inside the lab from the radiation. So you close it, you activate the system. It's really, I felt really anxious every time I was near to that instrument! And for more protection we actually leave the lab as well. So we let it run and then we go and then come back and the cake is ready!
Hannah Pyman: That sounds so scary!
!
Maria Magliulo: Yeah it was actually! Thank you for the question.
.
Hannah Pyman: I think that might be all the questions we've got for now. None of you presenters have questions for each other? I feel like we should give you the opportunity.
No? Cool.
Hannah Pyman: I guess you all shared your email addresses as well so if anyone thinks, or has any questions later they've got your email address on the slides, which we'll circulate, and people can email Kat or I as well if they don't want to go directly to the presenters.
Katrine Sundsbo: Right, thank you to all the presenters for joining us today. Very, very interesting presentations, very varied and I feel like I've learned a lot about lots of different subject areas.
Katrine Sundsbo: And thank you for giving us the opportunity to ask you guys questions as well about your research.
Katrine Sundsbo: It's been a really nice hour to spend with you guys, and thank you to all the attendees. As Hannah said we'll be sending the slides around, and the webinar is recorded so it will be
Katrine Sundsbo: available through the repository as soon as we have
Katrine Sundsbo: made it ready for sharing. Please tune into the next
Katrine Sundsbo: Newcomers Presents, which will be on the ninth of June.
Katrine Sundsbo: Right, thank you guys.
Stephano Pisera: Bye bye. Thank you for the opportunity.
Maria Magliulo: Thank you.