Funesto, Ellen Grace M and Lewis, Adam M and Turner, Andrew D and Cameron, Tom C and Steinke, Michael (2023) Immediate and delayed effects of a heatwave and Prorocentrum lima ((Ehrenberg) Stein 1878) bloom on the toxin accumulation, physiology, and survival of the oyster Magallana gigas (Thunberg, 1793). Science of the Total Environment, 892. p. 164485. DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164485
Funesto, Ellen Grace M and Lewis, Adam M and Turner, Andrew D and Cameron, Tom C and Steinke, Michael (2023) Immediate and delayed effects of a heatwave and Prorocentrum lima ((Ehrenberg) Stein 1878) bloom on the toxin accumulation, physiology, and survival of the oyster Magallana gigas (Thunberg, 1793). Science of the Total Environment, 892. p. 164485. DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164485
Funesto, Ellen Grace M and Lewis, Adam M and Turner, Andrew D and Cameron, Tom C and Steinke, Michael (2023) Immediate and delayed effects of a heatwave and Prorocentrum lima ((Ehrenberg) Stein 1878) bloom on the toxin accumulation, physiology, and survival of the oyster Magallana gigas (Thunberg, 1793). Science of the Total Environment, 892. p. 164485. DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164485
Abstract
Warming could facilitate the intensification of toxic algal blooms, two important stressors for marine organisms that are predicted to co-occur more frequently in the future. We investigated the immediate and delayed effects of a heatwave and a simulated bloom (3 × 10<sup>6</sup> cells L<sup>-1)</sup> of the diarrhetic shellfish toxin (DST)-producing benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima on the survival, physiology (oxygen consumption rate, condition index, immune parameters), and toxin accumulation in the Pacific rock oyster Magallana (Crassostrea) gigas. Oysters exposed to both stressors contained higher mean DST concentrations (mean ± 1 SE: 173.3 ± 19.78 μg kg<sup>-1</sup> soft tissue) than those exposed to P. lima bloom alone (120.4 ± 20.90 μg kg<sup>-1</sup>) and exceeded the maximum permitted levels for human consumption. Exposure to individual stressors and their combination modified the physiology of M. gigas. Oysters exposed to heatwave alone had significantly higher oxygen consumption rates (0.7 ± 0.06 mg O<sub>2</sub> h<sup>-1</sup> g<sup>-1</sup>) than the control (0.3 ± 0.06 mg O<sub>2</sub> h<sup>-1</sup> g<sup>-1</sup>). However, this was not observed in oysters exposed to both heatwave and P. lima (0.5 ± 0.06 mg O<sub>2</sub> h<sup>-1</sup> g<sup>-1</sup>). This alteration of the metabolic response to warming in the presence of P. lima may affect the ability of rock oysters to adapt to environmental stressors (i.e., a heatwave) to ensure survival. Immunomodulation, through changes in total hemocyte count, was observed in oysters exposed to P. lima alone and in combination with warming. Individual stressors and their combination did not influence the condition index, but one mortality was recorded in oysters exposed to both stressors. The findings of this study highlight the vulnerability of rock oysters to the predicted increased frequency of heatwaves and toxic algal blooms, and the increased likelihood of shellfish containing higher than regulatory levels of DST in warming coasts.
Item Type: | Article |
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Uncontrolled Keywords: | Animals; Crassostrea; Dinoflagellida; Humans; Marine Toxins; Shellfish |
Divisions: | Faculty of Science and Health Faculty of Science and Health > Life Sciences, School of |
SWORD Depositor: | Unnamed user with email elements@essex.ac.uk |
Depositing User: | Unnamed user with email elements@essex.ac.uk |
Date Deposited: | 25 Jul 2023 11:06 |
Last Modified: | 16 May 2024 21:53 |
URI: | http://repository.essex.ac.uk/id/eprint/35918 |
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