A Vulnerability Analysis and Strategic Framework for the Sustainability of Sarawak Lowland Endangered Orchids Established through an Urban Orchid Botanic Garden

Historically, Sarawak forests have been internationally well-known to support the richness and endemism of extraordinary mega-diversified species orchid. However, despite the drastic dawning of Anthropocene activities threatening valuable orchidaceae habitat, Sarawak does not have a Botanic Garden to lead scientific study, research and conservation addressing and educating the community on major gaps in awareness, knowledge, and the importance of orchids as key bio-indicators of ecosystem health in changing circumstances. A proposed Sustainable Urban Orchid Botanic Garden (SUOBG) in an excellent location in Kuching the capital city is predestined to be an effective role model institution for the above while protecting endangered species and restoring threatened populations through establishing a living collection of lowland endangered orchids. Conceptually, the proposed SUOBG drives impact through its unique garden structure integrating relatable first-hand nature-based learning, latest interactive technology and building upon successful ongoing novel ex situ conservation programs involving the younger generation and core industries such as in vitro orchid micropropogation programs in secondary schools and the reintroduction of rescued endangered lowland orchidaceae into monoculture estates. These programs focus on sustainability through producing keikes, a self-sustaining pool of capital human resource, a botanic garden network throughout the country and improving the biodiversity of ecosystems of Sarawak’s increasing 12% altered land areas. Combating illegal activities through improved legislations and creating sustainable economic benefits revolving around emergent orchid properties within the pharmaceutical, gastronomic and tourism industries appear to be best achieved by concerted conservation actions of orchidologists, non-government organisations, administrative stakeholders including direct engagement of communities. Racing against time, the proposed SUOBG can become a hub of engaging futuristic integrated conservation strategies creating a holistic insight into long term dynamics whilst understanding the need to create sustainable infrastructure for a healthy, beneficial and harmonious living landscape for people and organisms mitigating the continuing orchid extinction crisis.