Empirical investigations of lucid dream induction methods and individual differences in lucid dream frequency

The thesis investigated individual differences in lucid dream frequency (LDF) and lucid dream (LD) induction techniques. Overall, the thesis had three aims. First, to enhance our understanding of individual differences in LDF and subsequently look into the interplay of individual differences and lucid dream induction techniques. Second, to develop a novel theoretical and technical framework for inducing LDs through external stimulation. Third, to research the efficacy of automatizing certain aspects of cognitive and external stimulation techniques, such as including audio-guided versions of cognitive/external stimulation techniques and using guided written materials that could be implemented in a dedicated sleep wearable LD device and app.