Life course socioeconomic status, chronic pain, and the mediating role of allostatic load: findings from the midlife in the United States

<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction</jats:title><jats:p>Low socioeconomic status (SES) has been linked to chronic pain (CP); however, the mechanisms by which SES over the life course influences downstream CP outcomes remain unclear.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>This study utilizes data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) survey, a prospective sample of community-dwelling individuals (<jats:italic>N</jats:italic>=781), to investigate the chain of risk additive model of SES in relation to CP. Additionally, the study examines the mediating role of allostatic load (AL) in the relationship between life course SES and CP. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to capture the multidimensionality of life course SES and path analysis was used to examine the direct and indirect effects on CP. AL was computed by quartile-based summation and by latent class analysis.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Results indicated lower SES in MIDUS 2 was associated with greater high-interference CP odds in MIDUS 3 (OR=1.069, 95% CI=1.006-1.136, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) and no association was found between distal SES and levels of CP interference. Similarly, no significant relationship was observed between SES and the number of CP locations. Additionally, no additive effects of SES were found, and AL did not present mediation effects on the association between life course SES and CP.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion</jats:title><jats:p>The present study emphasizes the importance of directly proximal effects of SES on CP, underscoring the need for equitable distribution of health resources and the implementation of policies focused on diminishing socioeconomic inequalities. Further research is needed to examine alternative pathways by which proximal SES impact CP.</jats:p></jats:sec>