Beyond national resilience: liability for sanctions impact.

Rodríguez and colleagues1 offer compelling evidence linking sanctions to age-specific mortality. The authors showed that US-imposed unilateral sanctions significantly increase mortality in children and people aged 60–80 years. These findings align with previous evidence and have profound global health implications. Gibson and Darmstadt2 place these results in four decades of evidence linking both general and aid-related sanctions. Notably, the study by Gutmann and colleagues,3 which analyses both UN and US sanctions, concludes that sanctions substantially reduce life expectancy, with UN sanctions taking a greater toll than US sanctions.